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A sudden restriction of blood flow to the Official Do Not Give Me A Cigarette Christmas T-Shirt Also,I will get this brain. That’s how scientists have traditionally explained why people faint. But several mysteries remain: What causes someone’s blood flow to spontaneously change? And what parts of the brain play a key role? New research in mice, published this week in the journal Nature, offers a closer understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind fainting. The researchers theorize that the activation of neurons that link the heart and brain can induce a fainting spell. “This is the first step to show there is much more to fainting than just reduced blood flow,” said Vineet Augustine, an assistant professor of neurobiology at the University of California, San Diego, and one of the study’s authors. “The blood flow reduction does play a role, but there are other brain circuits at play here,” he added. “It is not as simple as what cardiology textbooks would say.” Specifically, the researchers found that neurons below the skull send signals from the heart to the brain that trigger a drop in heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate. That, in turn, may lead to the most common type of fainting — what scientists call “reflex syncope” — which can result from dehydration, the sight of blood or long periods of standing. “Oftentimes we’re just scratching our heads as to what to do about it,” said Dr. Zachary Goldberger, a cardiologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health who wasn’t part of the new research. “Now that these scientists have helped us to understand that there’s a possible mechanism for it, you could potentially imagine that there’ll be therapies on the horizon,” he said. The findings don’t apply to fainting caused by underlying heart problems such as extremely slow or fast heart rhythms. Those instances are rarer and more deadly, Goldberger said. A fainting experiment in mice Going into the study, the researchers speculated that fainting was caused by activation of the vagus nerve — a superhighway of neurons, or nerve cells, that connects the brain to other

organs. The vagus nerve is part of the Official Do Not Give Me A Cigarette Christmas T-Shirt Also,I will get this parasympathetic nervous system, which helps the body rest and relax. Scientists suspect that when people faint, their parasympathetic response becomes exaggerated, so their heart rate, blood pressure and breathing slow down too much. To find out what role the vagus nerve might play in fainting, the researchers examined the internal organs of mice under a microscope. From there, they identified a specific stretch of neurons in the vagus nerve that travel from the lower chambers of the heart to the brainstem, or bottom part of the brain. “Each neuron has two branches,” Augustine said. “One branch goes to the heart and the other branch goes to the brainstem. So it picks up signals from the heart and then it relays it onto the brainstem. It really forms a nice bridge.” Next, the researchers tested whether stimulating these specific neurons in mice could induce fainting. “We have

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